Niyantran Evam Samanvay Class 10 Notes — Neuron, Hormones, Reflex Action (NCERT)

Niyantran Evam Samanvay Class 10 Notes — Chapter Ka Poora Map

Niyantran evam samanvay class 10 notes is chapter ko aasan bana dete hain. Yeh NCERT Class 10 Science ka woh chapter hai jo batata hai ki hamara shareer itni saari cheezon ko ek saath kaise control karta hai.

Sochiye: aap chal rahe hain, saans le rahe hain, aur agar pair mein kanta chubhe to turant pair kheench lete hain — yeh sab ek hi samay mein, bina soche, kaise ho raha hai? Iska jawab hai tantu tantra (nervous system) aur hormones ka samanvay.

Yeh chapter teen bade hisson mein banta hai: (1) jantuon mein tantrika samanvay — neuron, reflex action, mastishk; (2) paudhon mein samanvay — tropism aur plant hormones; (3) jantuon mein rasayanik samanvay — antah sravi granthiyan aur unke hormones. Board exam mein is chapter se 5–7 marks ke sawal pakke hain, isliye niyantran evam samanvay class 10 notes ko dhyaan se padhein.

1. Neuron — Tantrika Tantra ki Ikai

Neuron tantrika tantra ki sabse chhoti ikai hai — sandesh (nerve impulse) ko ek jagah se doosri jagah pahunchane wali vishesh koshika.

Neuron ke Teen Hisse

• Dendrite: shakhaen — sandesh prapt karti hain.
• Koshika-kaya (cell body): madhya bhag, yahan sandesh process hota hai.
• Axon: lambi rachna — sandesh ko aage le jati hai, tantrika-ant tak.
• Tantrika-ant (nerve endings): axon ke sire par; do neuronon ke beech ke khaali sthan ko synapse kehte hain.

Trick: Sandesh ka rasta = Dendrite → Koshika-kaya → Axon → Tantrika-ant.

2. Reflex Action aur Reflex Arc

Reflex action woh turant, automatic pratikriya hai jo uddipan ke jawab mein hoti hai — bina soche. Example: garm bartan chhute hi haath kheench lena.

Reflex Arc ka Path (5 steps)

1. Grahi (receptor): dard mehsoos hota hai. 2. Samvedi neuron: sandesh merurajju tak. 3. Merurajju: turant nirnay — mastishk ka intezaar nahi. 4. Prerak neuron: aadesh peshi tak. 5. Prabhavi ang (peshi): haath kheench jata hai.

Reflex action ka niyantran merurajju karti hai; mastishk ko jaankari baad mein milti hai.

3. Manav Mastishk ke Teen Bhag

Agra-mastishk (Forebrain)

• Pramastishk (cerebrum): sabse bada hissa — sochna, yaad rakhna, seekhna, nirnay lena; aichhik kriyaen (likhna, bolna, khelna) yahin se niyantrit.

Madhya-mastishk (Midbrain)

• Agra-mastishk ko pashcha-mastishk se jodta hai.

Pashcha-mastishk (Hindbrain)

• Anumastishk (cerebellum): santulan aur peshiyon ka samanvay.
• Setu (pons): pul ka kaam; neend se juda.
• Medulla: saans, dhadkan, raktchaap, nigalna, ulti — anaitik kriyaon ka kendra.

4. Mastishk aur Merurajju ki Suraksha

1. Khopdi (cranium): haddi ka majboot dibba. 2. Merudand: merurajju ko ghere haddiyan. 3. Meninges + cerebrospinal fluid: jhatke se bachav.

5. Paudhon mein Samanvay — Tropism aur Plant Hormones

Gati ke Prakar

• Prakash-anuvartan: taana prakash ki taraf; jad door.
• Gurutva-anuvartan: jad neeche, taana upar.
• Sparsh-anuvartan: chhui-mui ke patte — nasti gati.
• Jal-anuvartan: jad paani ki taraf.
• Rasayan-anuvartan: paragan-naalika beejand ki taraf.

Plant Hormones — Exam Table

• Auxin: koshikaen lambi; phototropism ka kaaran.
• Gibberellin: taane ki vriddhi, beej-ankuran.
• Cytokinin: koshika vibhajan.
• Abscisic acid (ABA): vriddhi rodhak; stomata band.

Trick: Auxin = growth, ABA = growth rokna.

6. Jantuon mein Rasayanik Samanvay — Animal Hormones

Hormones antah sravi granthiyon se nikalte hain, rakt ke dwara poore shareer mein — asar dheema lekin lambe samay tak. Niyantran evam samanvay class 10 notes mein yeh table exam ke liye sabse zaroori hai.

• Piyush granthi (pituitary): Vriddhi hormone — master gland.
• Thyroid: Thyroxine — metabolism; iodine zaroori, kami se ghengha.
• Adrenal: Adrenaline — sankat mein; dhadkan tez, ladne/bhagne ki taiyari.
• Agnyashay (pancreas): Insulin — rakt-sharkara; kami se madhumeh.
• Vrshan (testes): Testosterone — ladkon ke gaun laingik lakshan.
• Andashay (ovaries): Estrogen/Progesterone — ladkiyon ke gaun laingik lakshan.

Vriddhi hormone ke rog: adhikta = gigantism, kami = dwarfism.

7. Feedback Mechanism

Rakt-sharkara badhti hai → agnyashay insulin chhodta hai → sharkara ghat jati hai → insulin band. Yahi feedback loop hai.

8. Tantrika vs Hormonal Samanvay

• Tantrika: tez, bindu-se-bindu, alpakaalik.
• Hormonal: dheema, poore shareer mein, deerghakaalik.

9. Exam ke Liye 10 Key Points

1. Neuron: dendrite, koshika-kaya, axon. 2. Reflex action = merurajju. 3. Sochna = cerebrum; santulan = cerebellum; saans = medulla. 4. Master gland = pituitary. 5. Thyroxine = iodine; kami = ghengha. 6. Sankat hormone = adrenaline. 7. Insulin kami = madhumeh. 8. Phototropism = auxin. 9. ABA = vriddhi rodhak; cytokinin = vibhajan. 10. Feedback example = insulin.

Class 10 Science ke aur notes ke liye Life Processes Class 10 Notes bhi dekhein. Niyantran evam samanvay class 10 notes ko baar-baar revise karein — yeh chapter exam mein pakke marks deta hai.

Class 10 Science ke aur notes ke liye Students section aur Study Notes category dekhte rahein.

Yeh jaankari official notification par aadharit hai. Official source zaroor check karein.