Class 10 Science ka Chapter 7, jiske Samanvaya aur Niyantran Class 10 notes aap padh rahe hain, aksar students ko bhaari lagta hai. Hormones ke naam, brain ke hisse, plants ke movements — sab ek saath yaad karne me dimag ghoom jaata hai. Lekin ek baat samajh lijiye: ye chapter hamare apne shareer ki kahani hai. Haath garam bartan ko chhoote hi peeche kyun hat jaata hai, paudhe ka tana roshni ki taraf kyun mudta hai — in sabka jawab isi chapter me hai. Ye notes NCERT line-by-line par aadharit hain, board exam 2027 ke liye.
Samanvaya Aur Niyantran Class 10 Notes — Samanvaya (Coordination) hota kya hai?
Hamare shareer me laakhon cells kaam karte hain. Agar sab apni marzi se kaam karein to gadbad ho jayegi. Isliye zaroorat hoti hai samanvaya ki — matlab alag-alag organs ka milkar kaam karna. Jaise jab hum daudte hain, to pairon ki muscles, dil ki dhadkan aur saans — teeno ek saath tez ho jaate hain. Ye coordination do systems se hota hai: nervous system (tann-tantra) aur hormonal system (endocrine system).
Nervous System — Tann-Tantra
Nervous system ki sabse chhoti ikai hai neuron (tann-koshika). Neuron ke teen hisse hote hain:
- Dendrite — ye signal (aavesh) ko pakadta hai, jaise antenna signal pakadta hai.
- Cell body — signal ko aage badhata hai.
- Axon — lamba taar jaisa hissa jo signal ko neuron ke dusre sire tak le jaata hai.
Do neurons ke beech jo chhota sa khaali jagah hota hai use synapse kehte hain. Yahan signal chemical ke roop me ek neuron se dusre neuron tak jaata hai. Is chemical ka naam hai acetylcholine (sirf naam yaad rakhna hai, board me ek line me aa sakta hai).
Reflex Action — Bina soche wala kaam
Garam tave ko chhoote hi haath turant peeche hat jaata hai — hum iske baare me sochte bhi nahi. Ise reflex action kehte hain. Iska rasta (path) hota hai:
Receptor (twacha) → Sensory neuron → Spinal cord → Motor neuron → Effector (muscle)
Spinal cord (reedh ki haddi ke andar wali naali) me signal brain tak gaye bina hi jawab mil jaata hai. Isi liye reflex itna tez hota hai. Aankh me tez roshni padne par palak jhapakna bhi reflex action hai. Board exam me reflex arc ka diagram banane ko zaroor aa sakta hai — practice kar lena.
Human Brain — Dimag ke teen hisse
Brain khopdi (cranium) me surakshit hota hai. Iske teen mukhya hisse hain:
- Fore-brain (Agra-mastishk): Isme cerebrum hota hai — dimag ka sabse bada hissa. Sochna, yaad rakhna, faisla lena, bolna — ye sab cerebrum karta hai. Isi me hypothalamus bhi hota hai jo bhookh-pyaas aur shareer ka temperature control karta hai.
- Mid-brain (Madhya-mastishk): Aankh ki movement aur reflex se juda hota hai.
- Hind-brain (Pashch-mastishk): Isme cerebellum hota hai jo shareer ka santulan (balance) aur muscles ka samanvaya sambhalta hai — cycle chalate waqt girte kyun nahi, iska jawab cerebellum hai. Aur medulla jo anicchik kriyaon (involuntary actions) ko control karta hai — dil ki dhadkan, saans lena, blood pressure, ulti aana, khaana nigalna. Sote hue bhi dil dhadakta rehta hai — medulla ki wajah se.
Yaad rakhne ki trick: Cerebrum = soch, Cerebellum = santulan, Medulla = jeevan-rakshak kaam.
Plants me Samanvaya — Paudhe bhi “mehsoos” karte hain
Paudhon me na to dimag hota hai, na nerves. Phir bhi ve stimulus ka jawab dete hain. Samanvaya aur Niyantran Class 10 notes me paudhon ke hisse ko halke me mat lena — plant movements se board me 3-mark ke sawal pakke aate hain. Paudhon ke movements do tarah ke hote hain:
Tropic movements (dishaatmak gati)
Jab paudha stimulus ki disha me ya usse door mudta hai:
- Phototropism: Tana roshni ki taraf mudta hai (positive), jad roshni se door (negative).
- Geotropism: Jad zameen ki taraf (gravity ki taraf, positive), tana upar (negative).
- Hydrotropism: Jad paani ki taraf badhta hai.
- Chemotropism: Parag-kan (pollen tube) andkosh (ovule) ki taraf chemical ke prabhav se badhta hai.
- Thigmotropism: Bel (tendril) kisi sahare ko chhoote hi uske ird-gird lipat jaati hai.
Nastic movements (adishaatmak gati)
Jab movement stimulus ki disha par nirbhar NAHI karta:
- Chhui-mui (Mimosa pudica) ko chhoote hi uski pattiyan sikud jaati hain — ise thigmonasty kehte hain. Pattiyon ke aadhar (leaf base) ki koshikaon me paani ki matra badal jaati hai, jisse patte jhuk jaate hain.
- Phoolon ka din-raat ke hisaab se khulna-band hona bhi nastic movement hai. Din-raat ki avadhi ka prabhav phool khilne par padta hai — ise photoperiodism kehte hain.
Plant Hormones — Paudhon ke “sandeshvaahak”
Paudhon me hormones ko phytohormones kehte hain. Chaar mukhya hain:
| Hormone | Kaam |
|---|---|
| Auxin | Tane ki vriddhi (cell elongation), phototropism me madad. Tane ke sire (shoot tip) par banta hai. |
| Gibberellin | Tane ki lambai badhata hai, beej ke ankuran (germination) me madad. |
| Cytokinin | Koshika vibhajan (cell division) badhata hai; phalon aur beejon me milta hai. |
| Abscisic acid (ABA) | Vriddhi rokta hai — pattiyon ka murjhana, patti girna, beej ki suptavastha (dormancy). |
Trick: pehle teen (auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin) vriddhi badhate hain, ABA rokta hai. Board me “auxin aur gibberellin me antar” aksar poocha jaata hai. Samanvaya aur Niyantran Class 10 notes me hormones ka ye table sabse zyada poocha jaane wala hissa hai — isi trick se yaad karo.
Janwaron (humans sahit) me hormones endocrine glands (nalika-vihin granthiyan) se nikalte hain aur seedha khoon me mil jaate hain. Mukhya hormones:
- Hypothalamus (brain me): dusri granthiyon ko nirdesh dene wale hormones banata hai.
- Pituitary gland (master gland): Growth hormone banata hai. Bachpan me kami ho to dwarfism (baunapan), zyadati ho to gigantism (vishaal-kaayata).
- Thyroid gland (gale me): Thyroxine banata hai, jiske liye iodine zaroori hai. Iodine ki kami se goitre (ghenga rog — gala phool jaata hai) hota hai.
- Pancreas (agnyashay): Insulin banata hai jo khoon me sugar (glucose) control karta hai. Insulin ki kami se diabetes (madhumeh) hota hai.
- Adrenal gland (gurde ke upar): Adrenaline banata hai — ise emergency hormone kehte hain. Khatra dekhte hi dil tez dhadakta hai, saans tez hoti hai, khoon muscles ki taraf daudta hai — ye sab adrenaline ka kamaal hai. Isi waqt pachan dheema ho jaata hai, kyunki shareer ki poori taakat ladne ya bhaagne me lagti hai.
- Testes (purushon me): Testosterone — dadhi-moonchh, bhaari aawaz (secondary sexual characters), shukranu banata hai.
- Ovaries (mahilaon me): Estrogen — mahila secondary sexual characters, andanu (ovulation).
Feedback mechanism: Hormones ki matra automatic control hoti hai. Jaise khoon me thyroxine badh jaaye to pituitary kam TSH chhodta hai, jisse thyroid kam thyroxine banata hai. Ye negative feedback loop shareer ka “thermostat” hai. Feedback mechanism Samanvaya aur Niyantran Class 10 notes ka important hissa hai — iska ek-line matlab board se pehle zaroor revise karna.
Board Exam 2027 — Important Questions
- Reflex arc ka diagram banao aur uske hisse samjhao.
- Cerebrum, cerebellum aur medulla ke kaam likho.
- Adrenaline ko emergency hormone kyun kehte hain?
- Goitre aur diabetes kin hormones ki kami se hote hain?
- Phototropism aur geotropism me antar spasht karo.
- Auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin aur ABA ka ek-ek kaam likho.
- Neuron ka naamankit chitra banao.
- Chhui-mui ke patte chhoone par kyun sikud jaate hain?
Ek nazar me revision
- Neuron: dendrite → cell body → axon; synapse par chemical signal.
- Reflex: receptor → sensory neuron → spinal cord → motor neuron → muscle.
- Brain: cerebrum (soch), cerebellum (santulan), medulla (dil/saans/BP).
- Plant tropic: photo, geo, hydro, chemo, thigmo. Nastic: chhui-mui.
- Plant hormones: auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin (vriddhi), ABA (rodhak).
- Animal: pituitary (GH), thyroid (thyroxine+iodine), pancreas (insulin), adrenal (adrenaline), testes (testosterone), ovaries (estrogen).
- Feedback mechanism = automatic hormone control.
Ye notes NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter 7 par aadharit hain. Diagrams ki practice zaroor karo — is chapter me diagram wale sawal pakke aate hain. Official textbook ke liye ncert.nic.in dekhein. Ye bhi padhein: Life Processes Class 10 Notes aur Students.