Control And Coordination Class 10 Notes Kya Cover Karte Hain?
Class 10 Science ka Chapter 6, Control and Coordination, ek aisa chapter hai jo har student ko pehli baar me thoda mushkil lagta hai. Control and coordination class 10 notes isliye zaroori hain kyunki is chapter me ek saath teen alag duniya aati hai — insaan ka nervous system, hormones ka chemical system, aur paudhon ki movements. Teenon ko ek saath yaad rakhna mushkil lagta hai, lekin agar aap is chapter ki logic samajh lein, to ye chapter sabse zyada marks dene wala ban jaata hai.
Is chapter ka buniyadi sawaal ye hai: jab hamare shareer me kuch hota hai, to us par control kaise hota hai? Jaise garam cheez ko chhoote hi haath apne aap peeche hat jaata hai. Ya paudha roshni ki taraf jhuk jaata hai. In sab ke peeche ek system hai, jo soochna ko ek jagah se doosri jagah pahunchata hai, aur phir us par amal karta hai. Is chapter me hum usi system ko samajhenge — pehle nervous system, phir hormones, aur phir paudhon ki duniya.
Is post me hum NCERT ke hisaab se poora chapter cover karenge. Har topic ke baad solved examples diye gaye hain, taaki aap ye samajh sakein ki board exam me is topic se kaisa sawaal poochha jaata hai. Examples ko dhyan se padhein, kyunki isi tarah ke sawaal exam me aate hain.
Control And Coordination: Nervous System Ki Buniyad
Hamare shareer me control aur coordination ka kaam do systems milkar karte hain — nervous system aur endocrine system (hormones wala system). Nervous system ka kaam tez hota hai, jaise garam cheez se haath hatana. Hormones wala system thoda dheere kaam karta hai, lekin uska asar lambi der tak rehta hai, jaise badhti umar me shareer me badlav aana.
Ye control and coordination class 10 notes isi logic ko step by step samjhate hain. Nervous system ki sabse chhoti unit neuron hai. Neuron ek khaas tarah ki cell hai, jo soochna ko ek jagah se doosri jagah le jaati hai. Neuron ke teen mukhya hisse hote hain. Pehla, dendrite — ye wo hisse hain jo soochna ko grahan karte hain, jaise antenna. Doosra, cell body — isme nucleus hota hai, aur ye neuron ka control centre hai. Teesra, axon — ye lambi si naali hai, jo soochna ko aage le jaati hai. Axon ke aakhri sire par nerve endings hoti hain, jo doosre neuron ke dendrite se milti hain.
Do neurons ke beech me ek chhota sa gap hota hai, jise synapse kehte hain. Soochna is gap ko chemical signal ke roop me paar karti hai. Matlab ek neuron se doosre neuron tak soochna seedha nahi jaati, balki chemical ke zariye jaati hai. Ye baat exam me aksar poochhi jaati hai, isliye ise yaad rakhein.
Nervous system ko do hisson me baanta jaata hai. Central Nervous System (CNS) me brain aur spinal cord aate hain. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) me wo saari nerves aati hain jo brain aur spinal cord se nikal kar poore shareer me jaati hain. Cranial nerves brain se nikalti hain, aur spinal nerves spinal cord se nikalti hain. Ye baat samajh lein to aapko poora structure yaad rahega.
Control And Coordination: Reflex Action Aur Reflex Arc
Reflex action ka matlab hai achanak hone wali, apne aap hone wali kriya, jisme sochne ka waqt nahi hota. Jaise garam tawa chhoote hi haath ka peeche hatna, ya aankh me dhool jaane par palak ka jhapakna. In kriyaon me brain ko sochne ka waqt nahi milta, isliye ye spinal cord ke zariye hoti hain.
Reflex arc wo raasta hai jis par reflex action ki soochna chalti hai. Is raaste ke paanch steps hote hain. Pehla, receptor — jo garmi ya dard ko mehsoos karta hai, jaise haath ki twacha me maujood receptor. Doosra, sensory neuron — jo soochna ko receptor se spinal cord tak le jaata hai. Teesra, spinal cord me maujood relay neuron ya interneuron — jo soochna ko samajhta hai aur jawab taiyar karta hai. Chautha, motor neuron — jo jawab ko spinal cord se muscle tak le jaata hai. Paanchva, effector — jo muscle hai, jo haath ko peeche kheencta hai.
Solved example 1: Garam cheez chhoone par haath peeche hatne ka reflex arc likhiye. Jawab ka working: receptor (haath ki twacha) se soochna shuru hoti hai, sensory neuron use spinal cord tak le jaata hai, spinal cord me relay neuron jawab banata hai, motor neuron jawab ko haath ki muscle tak le jaata hai, aur muscle sikudkar haath ko peeche kheencti hai. Is poore raaste me kam se kam teen neurons kaam karte hain — sensory, relay aur motor. Ye counting exam me poochhi ja sakti hai, isliye ise yaad rakhein.
Solved example 2: Agar kisi vyakti ki spinal cord kharab ho jaaye, to reflex action par kya asar padega? Jawab: reflex action kamzor ho jaayega ya band ho jaayega, kyunki reflex arc ka raasta spinal cord se hokar jaata hai. Brain se sochkar ki gayi kriya alag baat hai, lekin reflex action spinal cord par nirbhar karta hai.
Control And Coordination: Brain Ke Parts
Brain hamare shareer ka sabse zaroori hissa hai. Ye khopdi ki haddi wali dibbi me surakshit rehta hai, aur spinal cord reedh ki haddi ke andar surakshit rehti hai. Brain ko teen mukhya hisson me baanta jaata hai — forebrain, midbrain aur hindbrain.
Forebrain ka sabse bada hissa cerebrum hai. Cerebrum sochne, samajhne, yaad rakhne, faisla lene aur apni ichha se ki gayi kriyaon ka centre hai. Jab aap ye post padh rahe hain, to aapka cerebrum hi kaam kar raha hai. Forebrain me hi wo centre bhi hote hain jo bhookh, pyaas aur shareer ke tapman ko control karte hain.
Midbrain ke baare me NCERT me ye bataya gaya hai ki ye sir, gardan aur dhad ki reflex movements ko control karta hai, aur dekhne aur sunne se judi jaankari ko bhi sambhalta hai. Ye brain ka beech ka hissa hai, jo forebrain aur hindbrain ko jodta hai.
Hindbrain me do mukhya hisse hote hain — cerebellum aur medulla. Cerebellum shareer ka santulan banaye rakhta hai, aur apni ichha se ki gayi kriyaon ko sahi aur satik banata hai. Jaise cycle chalana, likhna ya seedha chalna — in sab me cerebellum ka haath hota hai. Medulla wo hissa hai jo bina soche hone wali kriyaon ko control karta hai, jaise dil ki dhadkan, saans lena, blood pressure, nigalna aur ulti aana. Medulla ke bina ye zaroori kaam ruk jaayenge, isliye ye bahut mahatvapurna hai.
Solved example 3: Agar kisi vyakti ka cerebellum kharab ho jaaye, to use kya pareshani hogi? Jawab: use chalne me ladkhadahat hogi, santulan bigad jaayega, aur hath ke kaam satik nahi honge. Lekin uski sochne ki shakti par zyada asar nahi padega, kyunki sochna cerebrum ka kaam hai. Ye farq exam me aksar poochha jaata hai.
Solved example 4: Dil ki dhadkan aur saans lene ko kaun control karta hai? Jawab: medulla, jo hindbrain ka hissa hai. Ye kriyaen bina soche hoti hain, isliye inhe involuntary actions kehte hain.
Control And Coordination: Hormones Aur Endocrine System
Nervous system ke alawa, shareer me ek doosra control system bhi hai — endocrine system. Is system me glands hoti hain, jo hormones banati hain. Hormones wo chemical sandesh hote hain, jo khoon ke zariye poore shareer me pahunchte hain, aur door baithhe angon par asar karte hain. Nervous system ki tulna me hormones ka asar dheere hota hai, lekin lambi der tak rehta hai.
In control and coordination class 10 notes me hormones ki table sabse zyada marks dilati hai. Sabse pehle adrenal gland ke baare me samajh lein. Adrenal gland kidney ke upar hoti hai, aur ye adrenaline hormone banati hai. Adrenaline ko emergency hormone bhi kehte hain. Jab aapko khatra mehsoos hota hai, to adrenaline ki wajah se dil tez dhadakta hai, saans tez hoti hai, aur shareer ladne ya bhaagne ke liye taiyar ho jaata hai. Isliye is hormone ko fight or flight hormone bhi kehte hain.
Doosra, pancreas insulin hormone banata hai. Insulin khoon me sugar ki matra ko control karta hai. Agar insulin kam banne lage, to khoon me sugar badh jaata hai, jise diabetes kehte hain. Ye baat exam me aksar poochhi jaati hai, isliye ise yaad rakhein.
Teesra, thyroid gland thyroxine hormone banata hai. Thyroxine shareer ki metabolism ko control karta hai, matlab shareer me khana kitni tezi se tootega aur energy kaise banegi. Thyroxine banane ke liye iodine zaroori hai. Agar khane me iodine kam ho, to thyroid gland badi ho jaati hai, jise goitre kehte hain. Isliye iodised namak khana zaroori hai.
Chautha, pituitary gland growth hormone banati hai. Growth hormone bachpan aur kishoravastha me shareer ki lambai aur vikas ko control karta hai. Agar bachpan me growth hormone kam bane, to lambai kam reh jaati hai, aur agar zyada bane, to lambai bahut zyada ho jaati hai.
Paanchva, testes me testosterone hormone banta hai, jo ladkon me secondary sexual characters ko control karta hai, jaise daadhi-moonchh aana aur awaaz ka bhari hona. Chhatha, ovaries me oestrogen hormone banta hai, jo ladkiyon me secondary sexual characters ko control karta hai.
Solved example 5: Agar kisi vyakti ke khoon me sugar zyada hai, to kaunsa hormone kam ban raha hai? Jawab: insulin, jo pancreas se banta hai. Working: insulin ka kaam khoon me sugar ko kam karna hai, isliye insulin ki kami se sugar badh jaata hai.
Solved example 6: Iodine ki kami se kaunsi bimari hoti hai aur kyun? Jawab: goitre. Working: thyroid gland ko thyroxine banane ke liye iodine chahiye. Iodine kam hone par thyroxine kam banta hai, aur thyroid gland badi ho jaati hai, jise goitre kehte hain.
Control And Coordination: Paudhon Me Movement
Paudhon me nervous system nahi hota, phir bhi paudhe apne aas-paas ki cheezon par pratikriya karte hain. Control and coordination class 10 notes me paudhon wale hisse ko aksar halke me liya jaata hai, lekin isse har saal questions aate hain. Paudhon ki movements do tarah ki hoti hain — growth se judi movements aur growth se judi nahi hui movements.
Growth se judi movements ko tropism kehte hain. Tropism ka matlab hai ki paudha kisi stimulus ki taraf ya usse door badhta hai. Phototropism me paudha roshni ki taraf jhukta hai. Shoot roshni ki taraf badhta hai, aur root roshni se door badhta hai. Geotropism me paudha gravity ki taraf ya usse door badhta hai. Root gravity ki taraf badhta hai, aur shoot gravity se door badhta hai. Chemotropism me paudha chemical ki taraf badhta hai, jaise pollen tube ovule ki taraf badhta hai. Hydrotropism me root paani ki taraf badhta hai. Thigmotropism me paudha chhoone par pratikriya karta hai, jaise bel ka tendril kisi sahare se lipat jaata hai.
Growth se judi nahi hui movements ko nastic movements kehte hain. Iska sabse mashhoor udaharan chhui-mui ka paudha hai. Jab aap chhui-mui ki pattiyon ko chhoote hain, to wo murjha jaati hain. Ye movement stimulus ki disha par nirbhar nahi karti — chahe aap pattiyon ko kisi bhi taraf se chhooyein, wo ek hi tarah se murjha jaati hain. Ye tropism se alag hai, kyunki tropism me disha zaroori hoti hai.
Paudhon me ye movements hormones ke zariye hoti hain. Auxin wo hormone hai jo shoot ke lambe hone me madad karta hai. Jab roshni ek taraf se aati hai, to auxin chhaya wali taraf zyada jama ho jaata hai, aur us taraf ki cells zyada lambi ho jaati hain. Isliye shoot roshni ki taraf jhuk jaata hai. Ye working exam me bahut poochhi jaati hai, isliye ise step by step yaad rakhein.
Gibberellins hormone tane ki lambai badhane me madad karta hai. Cytokinins hormone cells ke division ko badhava deta hai, aur paudhon ki umar badhne se rokta hai. Abscisic acid (ABA) hormone paudhon ko dormancy me rakhta hai, aur patton ke murjhane me madad karta hai. Jab paani kam hota hai, to ABA ki wajah se patte band ho jaate hain, taaki paani ka nuksan kam ho.
Solved example 7: Ek paudhe ko ek taraf se roshni di jaati hai. Shoot kis taraf jhukega aur kyun? Jawab: shoot roshni ki taraf jhukega. Working: roshni wali taraf auxin kam hota hai, aur chhaya wali taraf auxin zyada jama hota hai. Chhaya wali taraf ki cells zyada lambi ho jaati hain, isliye shoot roshni ki taraf mud jaata hai.
Solved example 8: Tropism aur nastic movement me kya farq hai? Jawab: tropism me movement stimulus ki disha par nirbhar karti hai, jaise shoot ka roshni ki taraf jhukna. Nastic movement me movement stimulus ki disha par nirbhar nahi karti, jaise chhui-mui ki pattiyon ka murjhana.
Control And Coordination: Table Box
| Baat | Jaankari |
|---|---|
| Chapter | Class 10 Science, Chapter 6 — Control and Coordination |
| Nervous system ki unit | Neuron (dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse) |
| CNS | Brain aur spinal cord |
| PNS | Cranial nerves aur spinal nerves |
| Reflex arc ke steps | Receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, effector |
| Brain ke hisse | Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain, hindbrain (cerebellum, medulla) |
| Hormones | Adrenaline, insulin, thyroxine, growth hormone, testosterone, oestrogen |
| Paudhon ke hormones | Auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid (ABA) |
| Tropism ke prakar | Phototropism, geotropism, chemotropism, hydrotropism, thigmotropism |
| Nastic movement ka udaharan | Chhui-mui ki pattiyon ka murjhana |
| Board exam ke liye | NCERT ke diagrams aur hormone table ko khaas taur par yaad rakhein |
Control And Coordination: Board Exam Ke Liye Revision Tips
Is chapter ki revision ke liye sabse pehle neuron ka diagram banakar dekh lein. Dendrite, cell body, axon aur synapse ko label karna aana chahiye. Phir reflex arc ka flowchart banayein, aur use paanch steps me likhne ka abhyas karein. Brain ke parts ka ek simple diagram banayein, aur har part ka kaam ek line me likhein.
Hormones ki table ko roz ek baar padhein. Gland ka naam, hormone ka naam aur uska kaam — teeno ko ek saath yaad karein. Agar aap sirf hormone ka naam yaad rakhenge, to exam me uska kaam poochha jaayega to atak jaayenge. Isliye table ko poora yaad karein.
Paudhon ke movements ke liye ek chart banayein. Har tropism ka naam, stimulus aur udaharan likhein. Phototropism, geotropism, chemotropism, hydrotropism aur thigmotropism — paanchon ko alag-alag udaharan ke saath yaad karein. Nastic movement ka udaharan chhui-mui hai, ise tropism se alag rakhna mat bhoolein.
Aakhri tip: is chapter me diagrams bahut marks dilate hain. Neuron ka diagram, brain ka diagram aur reflex arc ka flowchart — teeno ko banane ka abhyas karein. Diagram saaf hona chahiye, aur us par labels sahi hone chahiye. Galat label wala diagram marks kam kar deta hai.
Official Links
- NCERT Books and Resources — ncert.nic.in
- CBSE Academic Website — cbseacademic.nic.in
- CBSE Main Website — cbse.gov.in
Aksar Puche Jaane Wale Sawal (FAQ)
Sawaal 1: Reflex action kya hai aur ye brain se kyun nahi hota? Jawab: Reflex action achanak hone wali, apne aap hone wali kriya hai, jaise garam cheez se haath hatna. Ye spinal cord ke zariye hoti hai, kyunki isme sochne ka waqt nahi hota. Brain se sochkar ki gayi kriya me waqt lagta hai, isliye reflex action spinal cord se hoti hai.
Sawaal 2: Neuron ke kaunse hisse hote hain? Jawab: Neuron me dendrite, cell body aur axon hote hain. Dendrite soochna grahan karta hai, cell body me nucleus hota hai, aur axon soochna ko aage le jaata hai. Do neurons ke beech ka gap synapse kehlata hai.
Sawaal 3: Adrenaline ko emergency hormone kyun kehte hain? Jawab: Kyunki khatre ke waqt adrenaline ki wajah se dil tez dhadakta hai, saans tez hoti hai, aur shareer ladne ya bhaagne ke liye taiyar ho jaata hai. Isliye ise fight or flight hormone bhi kehte hain.
Sawaal 4: Phototropism aur geotropism me kya farq hai? Jawab: Phototropism roshni ki taraf ya usse door badhne ki kriya hai, jaise shoot ka roshni ki taraf jhukna. Geotropism gravity ki taraf ya usse door badhne ki kriya hai, jaise root ka gravity ki taraf badhna.
Sawaal 5: Chhui-mui ka murjhana tropism hai ya nastic movement? Jawab: Ye nastic movement hai, kyunki isme movement stimulus ki disha par nirbhar nahi karti. Chahe pattiyon ko kisi bhi taraf se chhooya jaaye, wo ek hi tarah se murjha jaati hain.