Amla Kshar Lavan Class 10 Notes NCERT Science ke Chapter 2 ke sabse important topics ko simple Hindi mein cover karte hain. Is chapter mein aap seekhenge — amla (acids) aur kshar (bases) ki pehchan, pH scale ka matlab, aur rozmarra ke jeevan mein istemal hone wale lavan (salts) jaise khane ka soda, dhone ka soda aur bleaching powder. Board exam mein is chapter se 4-5 marks ke questions pakke aate hain.
Amla Kshar Lavan Class 10 Notes — Chapter Overview
Is chapter ke 4 bade hisse hain:
- Amla (Acids) — gun, prakar aur rasayanik abhikriyayen
- Kshar (Bases) — gun, udaharan aur pehchan
- pH Scale — 0 se 14 tak ka scale aur rozmarra jeevan mein mahatva
- Lavan (Salts) — banne ki prakriya, sphatik jal aur mahatvapurna lavan
Amla (Acids) Kya Hote Hain?
Amla woh padarth hain jinka swad khatta hota hai aur jo neele litmus kagaz ko laal kar dete hain. Jaliya ghol mein amla H+ (hydrogen) ion dete hain.
Amla Ke Prakar
- Khanij amla (Mineral acids): HCl (hydrochloric acid), H2SO4 (sulphuric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid) — ye tez (strong) amla hote hain.
- Carbonic/Prakritik amla (Organic acids): acetic acid CH3COOH (sirka), citric acid (nimbu-santra), lactic acid (dahi), oxalic acid, tartaric acid (imli) — ye halke (weak) amla hote hain.
Amla Ki Rasayanik Abhikriyayen (Exam Mein Pakki)
- Dhatu + Amla → Lavan + Hydrogen gas — Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
- Dhatu carbonate + Amla → Lavan + CO2 + Jal — Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
- Kshar + Amla → Lavan + Jal (Udasinikaran/Neutralization) — NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
Kshar (Bases) Kya Hote Hain?
Kshar woh padarth hain jinka swad kadwa hota hai, sparsh sabun jaisa chikna lagta hai aur jo laal litmus kagaz ko neela kar dete hain. Jaliya ghol mein kshar OH- (hydroxide) ion dete hain.
- Udaharan: NaOH (caustic soda), KOH, Ca(OH)2 (bujha hua chuna), NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide)
- Dhatu oxide prakriti se kshariya hote hain: CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
- Adhatu oxide prakriti se amliya hote hain: CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
pH Scale — 0 Se 14 Tak
pH scale kisi ghol ki amliyata ya kshariyata maapne ka scale hai:
- pH 7 se kam → amliya ghol (jaise nimbu ka ras)
- pH = 7 → udaseen ghol (shuddh jal)
- pH 7 se zyada → kshariya ghol (jaise sabun ka ghol)
pH badhne par H+ ion ki sandrata ghatti hai. pH ko pH paper ya universal indicator se maapa jaata hai.
Rozmarra Zindagi Mein pH Ka Mahatva
- Pet ki acidity: hamara pet bhojan pachane ke liye HCl banata hai. Zyada amla hone par antacid (jaise Mg(OH)2 — milk of magnesia, jo ek kshar hai) use karte hain jo adhik amla ko udaseen kar deta hai.
- Dant ksharad (Tooth decay): munh ka pH 5.5 se kam hone par dant sadne lagte hain. Kshariya toothpaste is amla ko udaseen karta hai.
- Paudhe aur jantu: ye pH ke prati bahut samvedansheel hain. Varsha jal ka pH 5.6 se kam ho jaaye to use amla varsha (acid rain) kehte hain, jo fasalon ko nuksan pahunchata hai.
Lavan (Salts) — Nirman Aur Prakar
Jab amla aur kshar aapas mein kriya karte hain to lavan + jal banta hai (udasinikaran). Lavan ke kai parivar rozmarra jeevan mein istemal hote hain:
1. Samanya Namak (NaCl)
Samudri jal se prapt hota hai. Iske chlor-alkali prakriya se NaOH banta hai: 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
2. Dhone Ka Soda — Washing Soda (Na2CO3·10H2O)
- Banne ki kriya: NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 → NH4Cl + NaHCO3; phir 2NaHCO3 garam karne par → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
- Upyog: kapde dhone, kaanch-sabun-kagaz udyog mein
3. Khane Ka Soda — Baking Soda (NaHCO3)
- Upyog: cake/bread mein, antacid ke roop mein, aag bujhane wale yantra mein
4. Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2)
- Banne ki kriya: Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
- Upyog: kapda udyog mein virajan (bleaching), peene ke pani ko kitanurahit karne mein
5. Plaster of Paris (CaSO4·½H2O)
- Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) ko 373K par garm karne par banta hai: CaSO4·2H2O →(373K) CaSO4·½H2O + 1½H2O
- Pani milane par phir gypsum ban jaata hai (jamna/setting): CaSO4·½H2O + 1½H2O → CaSO4·2H2O
- Upyog: tooti haddi par plaster, murtiyan aur sajawat
Sphatik Jal (Water of Crystallisation)
Kuch lavan ke kristalon mein jal ke anu jude hote hain — ise sphatik jal kehte hain:
- Neela thotha: CuSO4·5H2O
- Dhone ka soda: Na2CO3·10H2O
- Gypsum: CaSO4·2H2O
Board Exam Ke Liye Quick Revision Points
- Amla → neela litmus laal; Kshar → laal litmus neela
- pH 7 se kam = amliya, 7 = udaseen, 7 se zyada = kshariya
- Dant ksharad pH 5.5 se kam par; amla varsha pH 5.6 se kam par
- Baking soda = NaHCO3; Washing soda = Na2CO3·10H2O; Bleaching powder = CaOCl2; POP = CaSO4·½H2O
- POP 373K par gypsum se banta hai
- Antacid mein Mg(OH)2 hota hai
Aage Ki Taiyari
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