Bijli Chapter Class 10 Notes Hindi mein yahan diye gaye hain. Ye NCERT Science ka Chapter 12 — Electricity (Vidhyut) hai. Board exam mein is chapter se har saal 6–8 marks ke questions aate hain, isliye ise halke mein na lein. Saare formulas aur concepts yahan simple bhasha mein samjhaye gaye hain.
Vidhyut Dhara (Electric Current)
- Jab charge (electron) taar mein ek jagah se doosri jagah behta hai, use electric current kehte hain.
- Formula: I = Q / t — yahan Q = charge (coulomb mein), t = samay (second mein).
- Current ki unit ampere (A) hai. Ise ammeter se maapa jata hai, aur ammeter hamesha series mein lagaya jata hai.
- Taar mein electrons negative terminal se positive terminal ki taraf behte hain, lekin conventional current ki disha positive se negative maani jati hai.
Vibhavantar (Potential Difference)
- Do binduon ke beech charge ko dhakelne ka kaam potential difference kehlata hai.
- Formula: V = W / Q — yahan W = kiya gaya kaam (joule), Q = charge (coulomb).
- Iski unit volt (V) hai. Ise voltmeter se maapa jata hai, aur voltmeter hamesha parallel (samantar) mein lagaya jata hai.
Ohm’s Law (Om Ka Niyam)
Ye is chapter ka sabse important niyam hai:
- V = I × R — yahan V = vibhavantar, I = dhara, R = pratirodh (resistance).
- Matlab: kisi conductor mein behne wali dhara us par lage vibhavantar ke samanupati hoti hai (temperature same rahe to).
- Resistance ki unit ohm (Ω) hai.
Resistance Kin Baaton Par Nirbhar Karta Hai?
Formula: R = ρL / A
- L (lambai): taar jitna lamba, resistance utna zyada.
- A (motaai/area): taar jitna mota, resistance utna kam.
- ρ (rho — resistivity): ye material ka gun hai. Copper aur aluminium ka resistivity kam hota hai — isiliye bijli ke taar inhi se bante hain.
Series Aur Parallel Circuits
Series (Shreni Kram)
- Saare resistors ek line mein judte hain.
- Har resistor mein same current behta hai, voltage bat jata hai.
- Kul resistance: R = R1 + R2 + R3
- Ghar ki wiring series mein nahi hoti — ek bulb fuse ho to sab band ho jayenge!
Parallel (Samantar Kram)
- Saare resistors alag-alag raaston mein judte hain.
- Har resistor par same voltage milta hai, current bat jata hai.
- Kul resistance: 1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
- Ghar ki wiring parallel mein hoti hai — isiliye ek kamra band ho to doosra chalta rehta hai.
Heating Effect of Electric Current (Joule Ka Niyam)
Jab current resistor mein behta hai to garmi paida hoti hai:
- Formula: H = I²Rt — yahan H = heat (joule), I = current, R = resistance, t = time.
- Fayde: heater, iron, bulb (bulb mein tungsten ka filament garam hokar roshni deta hai).
- Electric fuse bhi isi siddhant par kaam karta hai — zyada current aane par fuse ki taar pighal kar circuit tod deti hai aur ghar surakshit rehta hai.
Electric Power (Vidhyut Shakti)
- Power matlab kitni jaldi bijli kharch ho rahi hai.
- Formula: P = V × I = I²R = V²/R
- Unit watt (W) hai; 1000 watt = 1 kilowatt.
- Ghar ka bijli bill kilowatt-hour (kWh) mein aata hai, jise aam bhasha mein “unit” kehte hain.
- 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10⁶ joule
Bijli Chapter Class 10 Notes Hindi — Exam Ke Liye Important Points
- Ammeter — series mein; voltmeter — parallel mein. Ye ulta hua to number katega.
- Ohm’s law ka graph V-I ka seedhi rekha (straight line) hota hai.
- Series mein R jodte hain; parallel mein reciprocal jodte hain.
- Fuse hamesha live wire mein lagta hai.
- 1 unit = 1 kWh — numericals mein iska istemal zaroor aata hai.
Ek Chhota Numerical (Practice)
12 V ki battery se 4 Ω ke resistor mein kitni current bahegi?
Ohm’s law se: I = V/R = 12/4 = 3 ampere.
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